College Board Vocab

Unit 2… Binary/Data Terms
Unit 3… Algorithm/Programming Terms

Unit 2… Binary/Data Terms

Bits, Bytes, Hexadecimal / Nibbles:
- Bits: the smallest unit of data in a computer, used to represent a boolean value
- Bytes: unit of data that is typically made up of 8 bits, used to represent a single character or symbol in a computer’s memory
- Hexadecimal: a numeral system that uses base 16, used in computing as a way to represent binary data in a more compact and human-readable form
- Nibbles: a unit of data that is made up of 4 bits, used to represent a single hexadecimal digit
Binary Numbers: Unsigned Integer, Signed Integer, Floating Point:
- Unsigned Integer: a positive whole number that can range from 0 to infinity that is determined by the number of bits used to represent the integer
- Signed Integer: can represent both positive and negative whole numbers
- Floating Point: a data type that represents a decimal number
Binary Data Abstractions: Boolean, ASCII, Unicode, RGB:
- Boolean: a data type that has only two possible values, true or false
- ASCII: a standardized character encoding that represents letters, numbers, and other symbols in computers; represent text in computers
- Unicode: a standardized character encoding that represents most of the world’s written languages; includes ASCII and many other characters from different scripts and languages
- RGB: a color model used to represent colors in devices; combination of these three colors in different proportions creates a wide range of colors
Data Compression: Lossy, Lossless:
- Lossy: involves discarding some of the data in the original file in order to reduce its size; used for audio, video, and image files, where some loss of quality is acceptable in exchange for a smaller file size
- Lossless: involves encoding the data in such a way that all of the original information can be recovered when the file is decompressed; used for text, software, and other types of data where it is important to preserve all of the original information
  Unit 3… Algorithm/Programming Terms
Variables, Data Types, Assignment Operators:
- Variables: used to store and manipulate data in a program
```
  x = 10
```
- Data Types: classification of data based on the type of value it can hold; include integers, floating-point numbers, characters, and strings
```
  x = 10
  y = "Hello"
  Nums = [1,3,4,6] 
```
- Assignment Operators: a symbol that is used to assign a value to a variable (=)
Managing Complexity with Variables: Lists, 2D Lists, Dictionaries, Class:
- Lists: an ordered collection of items with square brackets ([])
```
  my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
  mixed = [1, 'hello', 3.14, True]
  words = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
```
- 2D Lists: also called a matrix, a list of lists
```
  matrix = [[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12]]
```
- Dictionaries: collection of key-value pairs, uses curly braces ({})
```
  dictionary = {'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3}
```
- Class: a blueprint for creating objects, they have member variables and have behavior associated with them
Algorithms, Sequence, Selection, Iteration:
- Algorithms: a set of steps or instructions that are followed to solve a problem or perform a task
- Sequences: executes a series of steps in a specific order
```
  print(x)
  print(y)
  print("Hi")
```
- Selection: executes one or more steps based on a specific condition
```
  if x > 0:
  print("x is positive")
  elif x < 0:
  print("x is negative")
  else:
  print("x is 0")
```
- Iteration: executes one or more steps repeatedly until a certain condition is met
```
  x = 10
  while x > 0:
  print(x)
  x -= 1
```
Expressions, Comparison Operators, Booleans Expressions and Selection, Booleans Expressions and Iteration, Truth Tables:
- Expressions: combination of values, variables, and operators that results in a single value
- Comparison Operators: compare values and determine if they are equal, greater than, or less than each other
  - ”==”: equal to
  - ”!=”: not equal to
  - ”>”: greater than
  - ”<”: less than
  - ”>=”: greater than or equal to
  - ”<=”: less than or equal to
    x = 4 y = 5 print(x == y) print(x != y) print(x > y) print(x < y) print(x >= y) print(x <= y)
- Boolean Expressions and Selection: a boolean variable (True/False) can be used as conditions in selection (if statements)
- Boolean Expressions and Iteration: iteration (while loops) can use a boolean variable as a condition(if statements)
- Truth Tables: A table for a logical operator containing each variable and all possible input and output results of that operator
  - AND: all inputs must return true
  - OR: one input must return true
  - XOR: only one input can be true
Characters, Strings, Length, Concatenation, Upper, Lower, Traversing Strings:
- Characters: a single letter, number, symbol, or other element
- Strings: sequence of characters
```
  name = "Kaiden"
```
- Length: number of characters it contains
```
  name = "Kaiden"
  print(len(name))
```
- Concatenation: combining two or more strings into a single string
```
  name = "Kaiden"
  lastName = "Do"
  concatenated = name + " " + lastName
```
- Upper: convert a string to all uppercase
```
  name = "Kaiden"
  print(name.upper())
```
- Lower: convert a string to all lowercase
```
  name = "Kaiden"
  print(name.lower())
```
- Traversing Strings: to access each character in the string one by one, use a for loop to do this
```
  name = "Kaiden"
  for x in name:
  print(x)
```
Python If, Elif, Else conditionals; Nested Selection Statements:
- Python If: execute a block of code if a specific condition is true
```
  if x > 0:
  print("Hi")
```
- Elif: to specify additional conditions to check if the previous conditions are false
```
  if x > 0:
  print("Hi")
  elif x > -10:
  print("Bye")
```
- Else conditionals: execute a block of code if all of the previous conditions are false
```
  if x > 0:
  print("Hi")
  elif x > -10:
  print("Bye")
  else:
  print("NO NO NO")
```
- Nested Selection Statements: control structures that contain other control structures within them
```
  if x > 0:
  if b > 0:
      print("x and b are positive")
```
Python For, While loops with Range, with List:
- Python For: used to execute a block of code multiple times
```
  for i in range(1, 6):
  print(i)
```
- While loops with Range: execute a block of code repeatedly until a certain condition is met
```
  x = 0
  while x <= 5:
  print(x)
  x += 1
```
- with List:
```
  x = [4,3,5,2,1]
  i = 0
  while i <= len(x):
  print(x[i])
  i += 1
```
Combining loops with conditionals to Break, Continue:
- Combining loops with conditionals to Break: break is used to exit a loop early
- Continue: used to skip the rest of the current iteration and move on to the next one
```
  while y > 0:
  if x == 0:
      break
  if x == 3:
      continue 
```
Procedural Abstraction, Python Def procedures, Parameters, Return Values:
- Procedural Abstraction: abstract away the details of how the task is performed, making your code easier to read and maintain, more efficient code
- Python Def procedures: how procedures are made with the def word
```
  def Greeting(name):
  print("Hello", name)
  Greeting("Kaiden")
```
- Parameters: values that are passed to the procedure when it is called, defined within the parentheses of the procedure definition
```
  def Sum(x,y):
  print(x+y)
  Sum(6,8)
```
- Return Values: value that is returned can be used by the calling code to perform additional tasks or to assign to a variable
```
  def subtract(x,y):
  diff = x - y
  return diff
  print(subtract(5,2))
```

Unit 2… Binary/Data Terms

Unit 3… Algorithm/Programming Terms